<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
  <meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
  <meta name="generator" content="Hexo 4.2.1">
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png">
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png">
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png">
  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#222">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/all.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css">
  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js"></script>
  <script id="hexo-configurations">
    var NexT = window.NexT ||
    {};
    var CONFIG = {
      "hostname": "cuiqingcai.com",
      "root": "/",
      "scheme": "Pisces",
      "version": "7.8.0",
      "exturl": false,
      "sidebar":
      {
        "position": "right",
        "width": 360,
        "display": "post",
        "padding": 18,
        "offset": 12,
        "onmobile": false,
        "widgets": [
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "阿布云",
            "enable": false,
            "url": "https://www.abuyun.com/http-proxy/introduce.html",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/88au8.jpg",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "天验",
            "enable": true,
            "url": "https://tutorial.lengyue.video/?coupon=12ef4b1a-a3db-11ea-bb37-0242ac130002_cqx_850",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/bco2a.png",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "华为云",
            "enable": false,
            "url": "https://activity.huaweicloud.com/2020_618_promotion/index.html?bpName=5f9f98a29e2c40b780c1793086f29fe2&bindType=1&salesID=wangyubei",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/y42ik.jpg",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "张小鸡",
            "enable": false,
            "url": "http://www.zxiaoji.com/",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/fm72f.png",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "Luminati",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ikkq9.jpg",
            "url": "https://luminati-china.io/?affiliate=ref_5fbbaaa9647883f5c6f77095",
            "width": "100%",
            "enable": false
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "IPIDEA",
            "url": "http://www.ipidea.net/?utm-source=cqc&utm-keyword=?cqc",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/0ywun.png",
            "width": "100%",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "tags",
            "name": "标签云",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "categories",
            "name": "分类",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "friends",
            "name": "友情链接",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "hot",
            "name": "猜你喜欢",
            "enable": true
      }]
      },
      "copycode":
      {
        "enable": true,
        "show_result": true,
        "style": "mac"
      },
      "back2top":
      {
        "enable": true,
        "sidebar": false,
        "scrollpercent": true
      },
      "bookmark":
      {
        "enable": false,
        "color": "#222",
        "save": "auto"
      },
      "fancybox": false,
      "mediumzoom": false,
      "lazyload": false,
      "pangu": true,
      "comments":
      {
        "style": "tabs",
        "active": "gitalk",
        "storage": true,
        "lazyload": false,
        "nav": null,
        "activeClass": "gitalk"
      },
      "algolia":
      {
        "hits":
        {
          "per_page": 10
        },
        "labels":
        {
          "input_placeholder": "Search for Posts",
          "hits_empty": "We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}",
          "hits_stats": "${hits} results found in ${time} ms"
        }
      },
      "localsearch":
      {
        "enable": true,
        "trigger": "auto",
        "top_n_per_article": 10,
        "unescape": false,
        "preload": false
      },
      "motion":
      {
        "enable": false,
        "async": false,
        "transition":
        {
          "post_block": "bounceDownIn",
          "post_header": "slideDownIn",
          "post_body": "slideDownIn",
          "coll_header": "slideLeftIn",
          "sidebar": "slideUpIn"
        }
      },
      "path": "search.xml"
    };

  </script>
  <meta name="description" content="XPath，全称XML Path Language，即XML路径语言，它是一门在XML文档中查找信息的语言。它最初是用来搜寻XML文档的，但是它同样适用于HTML文档的搜索。 所以在做爬虫时，我们完全可以使用XPath来做相应的信息抽取。本节中，我们就来介绍XPath的基本用法。 1. XPath概览 XPath的选择功能十分强大，它提供了非常简洁明了的路径选择表达式。另外，它还提供了超过100个">
  <meta property="og:type" content="article">
  <meta property="og:title" content="[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4.1-使用XPath">
  <meta property="og:url" content="https://cuiqingcai.com/5545.html">
  <meta property="og:site_name" content="静觅">
  <meta property="og:description" content="XPath，全称XML Path Language，即XML路径语言，它是一门在XML文档中查找信息的语言。它最初是用来搜寻XML文档的，但是它同样适用于HTML文档的搜索。 所以在做爬虫时，我们完全可以使用XPath来做相应的信息抽取。本节中，我们就来介绍XPath的基本用法。 1. XPath概览 XPath的选择功能十分强大，它提供了非常简洁明了的路径选择表达式。另外，它还提供了超过100个">
  <meta property="og:locale" content="zh_CN">
  <meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-01-28T08:03:48.000Z">
  <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-12-18T13:11:11.557Z">
  <meta property="article:author" content="崔庆才">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="python">
  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
  <link rel="canonical" href="https://cuiqingcai.com/5545.html">
  <script id="page-configurations">
    // https://hexo.io/docs/variables.html
    CONFIG.page = {
      sidebar: "",
      isHome: false,
      isPost: true,
      lang: 'zh-CN'
    };

  </script>
  <title>[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4.1-使用XPath | 静觅</title>
  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="p_bIcnvirkFzG2dYKuNDivKD8-STet5W7D-01woA2fc" />
  <noscript>
    <style>
      .use-motion .brand,
      .use-motion .menu-item,
      .sidebar-inner,
      .use-motion .post-block,
      .use-motion .pagination,
      .use-motion .comments,
      .use-motion .post-header,
      .use-motion .post-body,
      .use-motion .collection-header
      {
        opacity: initial;
      }

      .use-motion .site-title,
      .use-motion .site-subtitle
      {
        opacity: initial;
        top: initial;
      }

      .use-motion .logo-line-before i
      {
        left: initial;
      }

      .use-motion .logo-line-after i
      {
        right: initial;
      }

    </style>
  </noscript>
  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="静觅" type="application/atom+xml">
</head>

<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="headband"></div>
    <header class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
      <div class="header-inner">
        <div class="site-brand-container">
          <div class="site-nav-toggle">
            <div class="toggle" aria-label="切换导航栏">
              <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-first"></span>
              <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-middle"></span>
              <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-last"></span>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="site-meta">
            <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
              <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
              <h1 class="site-title">静觅 <span class="site-subtitle"> 崔庆才的个人站点 </span>
              </h1>
              <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
            </a>
          </div>
          <div class="site-nav-right">
            <div class="toggle popup-trigger">
              <i class="fa fa-search fa-fw fa-lg"></i>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <nav class="site-nav">
          <ul id="menu" class="main-menu menu">
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
              <a href="/" rel="section">首页</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
              <a href="/archives/" rel="section">文章列表</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
              <a href="/tags/" rel="section">文章标签</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-categories">
              <a href="/categories/" rel="section">文章分类</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-about">
              <a href="/about/" rel="section">关于博主</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-message">
              <a href="/message/" rel="section">给我留言</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
              <a role="button" class="popup-trigger">搜索 </a>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </nav>
        <div class="search-pop-overlay">
          <div class="popup search-popup">
            <div class="search-header">
              <span class="search-icon">
                <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
              </span>
              <div class="search-input-container">
                <input autocomplete="off" autocapitalize="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="search" class="search-input">
              </div>
              <span class="popup-btn-close">
                <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
              </span>
            </div>
            <div id="search-result">
              <div id="no-result">
                <i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </header>
    <div class="back-to-top">
      <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
      <span>0%</span>
    </div>
    <div class="reading-progress-bar"></div>
    <main class="main">
      <div class="main-inner">
        <div class="content-wrap">
          <div class="content post posts-expand">
            <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="post-block single" lang="zh-CN">
              <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://cuiqingcai.com/5545.html">
              <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
                <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.png">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="崔庆才">
                <meta itemprop="description" content="崔庆才的个人站点，记录生活的瞬间，分享学习的心得。">
              </span>
              <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="静觅">
              </span>
              <header class="post-header">
                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4.1-使用XPath </h1>
                <div class="post-meta">
                  <span class="post-meta-item">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-user"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">作者</span>
                    <span><a href="/authors/崔庆才" class="author" itemprop="url" rel="index">崔庆才</a></span>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-calendar"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
                    <time title="创建时间：2018-01-28 16:03:48" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-01-28T16:03:48+08:00">2018-01-28</time>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-folder"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">分类于</span>
                    <span itemprop="about" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Thing">
                      <a href="/categories/Python/" itemprop="url" rel="index"><span itemprop="name">Python</span></a>
                    </span>
                  </span>
                  <span id="/5545.html" class="post-meta-item leancloud_visitors" data-flag-title="[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4.1-使用XPath" title="阅读次数">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读次数：</span>
                    <span class="leancloud-visitors-count"></span>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item" title="本文字数">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-file-word"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">本文字数：</span>
                    <span>13k</span>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item" title="阅读时长">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-clock"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
                    <span>12 分钟</span>
                  </span>
                </div>
              </header>
              <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
                <div class="advertisements">
                  <div class="item">
                    <a href="http://i0k.cn/4UUsd" target="_blank">
                      <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/dsdhf.jpg">
                    </a>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p>XPath，全称XML Path Language，即XML路径语言，它是一门在XML文档中查找信息的语言。它最初是用来搜寻XML文档的，但是它同样适用于HTML文档的搜索。</p>
                <p>所以在做爬虫时，我们完全可以使用XPath来做相应的信息抽取。本节中，我们就来介绍XPath的基本用法。</p>
                <h2 id="1-XPath概览"><a href="#1-XPath概览" class="headerlink" title="1. XPath概览"></a>1. XPath概览</h2>
                <p>XPath的选择功能十分强大，它提供了非常简洁明了的路径选择表达式。另外，它还提供了超过100个内建函数，用于字符串、数值、时间的匹配以及节点、序列的处理等。几乎所有我们想要定位的节点，都可以用XPath来选择。</p>
                <p>XPath于1999年11月16日成为W3C标准，它被设计为供XSLT、XPointer以及其他XML解析软件使用，更多的文档可以访问其官方网站：<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="2-XPath常用规则"><a href="#2-XPath常用规则" class="headerlink" title="2. XPath常用规则"></a>2. XPath常用规则</h2>
                <p>表4-1列举了XPath的几个常用规则。</p>
                <p>表4-1 XPath常用规则</p>
                <p>表达式</p>
                <p>描述</p>
                <p><code>nodename</code></p>
                <p>选取此节点的所有子节点</p>
                <p><code>/</code></p>
                <p>从当前节点选取直接子节点</p>
                <p><code>//</code></p>
                <p>从当前节点选取子孙节点</p>
                <p><code>.</code></p>
                <p>选取当前节点</p>
                <p><code>..</code></p>
                <p>选取当前节点的父节点</p>
                <p><code>@</code></p>
                <p>选取属性</p>
                <p>这里列出了XPath的常用匹配规则，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight autoit">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">//title[<span class="symbol">@lang</span>=<span class="string">'eng'</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这就是一个XPath规则，它代表选择所有名称为<code>title</code>，同时属性<code>lang</code>的值为<code>eng</code>的节点。</p>
                <p>后面会通过Python的lxml库，利用XPath进行HTML的解析。</p>
                <h2 id="3-准备工作"><a href="#3-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="3. 准备工作"></a>3. 准备工作</h2>
                <p>使用之前，首先要确保安装好lxml库，若没有安装，可以参考第1章的安装过程。</p>
                <h2 id="4-实例引入"><a href="#4-实例引入" class="headerlink" title="4. 实例引入"></a>4. 实例引入</h2>
                <p>现在通过实例来感受一下使用XPath来对网页进行解析的过程，相关代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line">text = '''</span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;</span>first item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link2.html"</span>&gt;</span>second item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-inactive"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link3.html"</span>&gt;</span>third item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link4.html"</span>&gt;</span>fourth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;</span>fifth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">     <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">'''</span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = etree.tostring(html)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.decode('utf-8'))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先导入lxml库的etree模块，然后声明了一段HTML文本，调用HTML类进行初始化，这样就成功构造了一个XPath解析对象。这里需要注意的是，HTML文本中的最后一个<code>li</code>节点是没有闭合的，但是etree模块可以自动修正HTML文本。</p>
                <p>这里我们调用<code>tostring()</code>方法即可输出修正后的HTML代码，但是结果是<code>bytes</code>类型。这里利用<code>decode()</code>方法将其转成<code>str</code>类型，结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;</span>first item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link2.html"</span>&gt;</span>second item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-inactive"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link3.html"</span>&gt;</span>third item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link4.html"</span>&gt;</span>fourth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;</span>fifth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">     <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，经过处理之后，<code>li</code>节点标签被补全，并且还自动添加了<code>body</code>、<code>html</code>节点。</p>
                <p>另外，也可以直接读取文本文件进行解析，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight moonscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = etree.<span class="built_in">tostring</span>(html)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(result.decode(<span class="string">'utf-8'</span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>其中test.html的内容就是上面例子中的HTML代码，内容如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;</span>first item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link2.html"</span>&gt;</span>second item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-inactive"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link3.html"</span>&gt;</span>third item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link4.html"</span>&gt;</span>fourth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;</span>fifth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">     <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这次的输出结果略有不同，多了一个<code>DOCTYPE</code>的声明，不过对解析无任何影响，结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">&lt;!DOCTYPE <span class="meta-keyword">html</span> <span class="meta-keyword">PUBLIC</span> <span class="meta-string">"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"</span> <span class="meta-string">"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;</span>first item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link2.html"</span>&gt;</span>second item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-inactive"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link3.html"</span>&gt;</span>third item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link4.html"</span>&gt;</span>fourth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">         <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;</span>fifth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">     <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="5-所有节点"><a href="#5-所有节点" class="headerlink" title="5. 所有节点"></a>5. 所有节点</h2>
                <p>我们一般会用//开头的XPath规则来选取所有符合要求的节点。这里以前面的HTML文本为例，如果要选取所有节点，可以这样实现：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//*'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight x86asm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[&lt;Element html <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510d9c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element body <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510da08</span>&gt;, &lt;Element <span class="keyword">div</span> <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510da48</span>&gt;, &lt;Element ul <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510da88</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dac8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element a <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510db48</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510db88</span>&gt;, &lt;Element a <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dbc8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dc08</span>&gt;, &lt;Element a <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510db08</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dc48</span>&gt;, &lt;Element a <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dc88</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dcc8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element a <span class="meta">at</span> <span class="number">0x10510dd08</span>&gt;]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里使用*代表匹配所有节点，也就是整个HTML文本中的所有节点都会被获取。可以看到，返回形式是一个列表，每个元素是<code>Element</code>类型，其后跟了节点的名称，如<code>html</code>、<code>body</code>、<code>div</code>、<code>ul</code>、<code>li</code>、<code>a</code>等，所有节点都包含在列表中了。</p>
                <p>当然，此处匹配也可以指定节点名称。如果想获取所有<code>li</code>节点，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result[<span class="number">0</span>])</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里要选取所有<code>li</code>节点，可以使用<code>//</code>，然后直接加上节点名称即可，调用时直接使用<code>xpath()</code>方法即可。</p>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight maxima">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[&lt;Element <span class="built_in">li</span> <span class="built_in">at</span> <span class="number">0x105849208</span>&gt;, &lt;Element <span class="built_in">li</span> <span class="built_in">at</span> <span class="number">0x105849248</span>&gt;, &lt;Element <span class="built_in">li</span> <span class="built_in">at</span> <span class="number">0x105849288</span>&gt;, &lt;Element <span class="built_in">li</span> <span class="built_in">at</span> <span class="number">0x1058492c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element <span class="built_in">li</span> <span class="built_in">at</span> <span class="number">0x105849308</span>&gt;]</span><br><span class="line">&lt;Element <span class="built_in">li</span> <span class="built_in">at</span> <span class="number">0x105849208</span>&gt;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里可以看到提取结果是一个列表形式，其中每个元素都是一个 <code>Element</code>对象。如果要取出其中一个对象，可以直接用中括号加索引，如<code>[0]</code>。</p>
                <h2 id="6-子节点"><a href="#6-子节点" class="headerlink" title="6. 子节点"></a>6. 子节点</h2>
                <p>我们通过<code>/</code>或<code>//</code>即可查找元素的子节点或子孙节点。假如现在想选择<code>li</code>节点的所有直接<code>a</code>子节点，可以这样实现：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li/a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里通过追加<code>/a</code>即选择了所有<code>li</code>节点的所有直接<code>a</code>子节点。因为<code>//li</code>用于选中所有<code>li</code>节点，<code>/a</code>用于选中<code>li</code>节点的所有直接子节点<code>a</code>，二者组合在一起即获取所有<code>li</code>节点的所有直接<code>a</code>子节点。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight fsharp">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element a at 0x106ee8688&gt;, &lt;Element a at 0x106ee86c8&gt;, &lt;Element a at 0x106ee8708&gt;, &lt;Element a at 0x106ee8748&gt;, &lt;Element a at 0x106ee8788&gt;]</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>此处的<code>/</code>用于选取直接子节点，如果要获取所有子孙节点，就可以使用<code>//</code>。例如，要获取<code>ul</code>节点下的所有子孙<code>a</code>节点，可以这样实现：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//ul//a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果是相同的。</p>
                <p>但是如果这里用<code>//ul/a</code>，就无法获取任何结果了。因为<code>/</code>用于获取直接子节点，而在<code>ul</code>节点下没有直接的<code>a</code>子节点，只有<code>li</code>节点，所以无法获取任何匹配结果，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//ul/a'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>因此，这里我们要注意<code>/</code>和<code>//</code>的区别，其中<code>/</code>用于获取直接子节点，<code>//</code>用于获取子孙节点。</p>
                <h2 id="7-父节点"><a href="#7-父节点" class="headerlink" title="7. 父节点"></a>7. 父节点</h2>
                <p>我们知道通过连续的<code>/</code>或<code>//</code>可以查找子节点或子孙节点，那么假如我们知道了子节点，怎样来查找父节点呢？这可以用<code>..</code>来实现。</p>
                <p>比如，现在首先选中<code>href</code>属性为<code>link4.html</code>的<code>a</code>节点，然后再获取其父节点，然后再获取其<code>class</code>属性，相关代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//a[@href="link4.html"]/../@class'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'item-1</span>']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>检查一下结果发现，这正是我们获取的目标<code>li</code>节点的<code>class</code>。</p>
                <p>同时，我们也可以通过<code>parent::</code>来获取父节点，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//a[@href="link4.html"]/parent::*/@class'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="8-属性匹配"><a href="#8-属性匹配" class="headerlink" title="8. 属性匹配"></a>8. 属性匹配</h2>
                <p>在选取的时候，我们还可以用<code>@</code>符号进行属性过滤。比如，这里如果要选取<code>class</code>为<code>item-1</code>的<code>li</code>节点，可以这样实现:</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="item-0"]'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们通过加入<code>[@class=&quot;item-0&quot;]</code>，限制了节点的<code>class</code>属性为<code>item-0</code>，而HTML文本中符合条件的<code>li</code>节点有两个，所以结果应该返回两个匹配到的元素。结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight fsharp">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element li at 0x10a399288&gt;, &lt;Element li at 0x10a3992c8&gt;]</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可见，匹配结果正是两个，至于是不是那正确的两个，后面再验证。</p>
                <h2 id="9-文本获取"><a href="#9-文本获取" class="headerlink" title="9. 文本获取"></a>9. 文本获取</h2>
                <p>我们用XPath中的<code>text()</code>方法获取节点中的文本，接下来尝试获取前面<code>li</code>节点中的文本，相关代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="item-0"]/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">['\n     ']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>奇怪的是，我们并没有获取到任何文本，只获取到了一个换行符，这是为什么呢？因为XPath中<code>text()</code>前面是<code>/</code>，而此处<code>/</code>的含义是选取直接子节点，很明显<code>li</code>的直接子节点都是<code>a</code>节点，文本都是在<code>a</code>节点内部的，所以这里匹配到的结果就是被修正的<code>li</code>节点内部的换行符，因为自动修正的<code>li</code>节点的尾标签换行了。</p>
                <p>即选中的是这两个节点：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;</span>first item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;</span>fifth item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>其中一个节点因为自动修正，<code>li</code>节点的尾标签添加的时候换行了，所以提取文本得到的唯一结果就是<code>li</code>节点的尾标签和<code>a</code>节点的尾标签之间的换行符。</p>
                <p>因此，如果想获取<code>li</code>节点内部的文本，就有两种方式，一种是先选取<code>a</code>节点再获取文本，另一种就是使用<code>//</code>。接下来，我们来看下二者的区别。</p>
                <p>首先，选取到<code>a</code>节点再获取文本，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="item-0"]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'first</span> item', <span class="symbol">'fifth</span> item']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，这里的返回值是两个，内容都是属性为<code>item-0</code>的<code>li</code>节点的文本，这也印证了前面属性匹配的结果是正确的。</p>
                <p>这里我们是逐层选取的，先选取了<code>li</code>节点，又利用<code>/</code>选取了其直接子节点<code>a</code>，然后再选取其文本，得到的结果恰好是符合我们预期的两个结果。</p>
                <p>再来看下用另一种方式（即使用<code>//</code>）选取的结果，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="item-0"]//text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'first</span> item', <span class="symbol">'fifth</span> item', '\n     ']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>不出所料，这里的返回结果是3个。可想而知，这里是选取所有子孙节点的文本，其中前两个就是<code>li</code>的子节点<code>a</code>节点内部的文本，另外一个就是最后一个<code>li</code>节点内部的文本，即换行符。</p>
                <p>所以说，如果要想获取子孙节点内部的所有文本，可以直接用<code>//</code>加<code>text()</code>的方式，这样可以保证获取到最全面的文本信息，但是可能会夹杂一些换行符等特殊字符。如果想获取某些特定子孙节点下的所有文本，可以先选取到特定的子孙节点，然后再调用<code>text()</code>方法获取其内部文本，这样可以保证获取的结果是整洁的。</p>
                <h2 id="10-属性获取"><a href="#10-属性获取" class="headerlink" title="10. 属性获取"></a>10. 属性获取</h2>
                <p>我们知道用<code>text()</code>可以获取节点内部文本，那么节点属性该怎样获取呢？其实还是用<code>@</code>符号就可以。例如，我们想获取所有<code>li</code>节点下所有<code>a</code>节点的<code>href</code>属性，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">html</span> = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./test.html'</span>, etree.HTMLParser())</span><br><span class="line">result = <span class="selector-tag">html</span>.xpath(<span class="string">'//li/a/@href'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们通过<code>@href</code>即可获取节点的<code>href</code>属性。注意，此处和属性匹配的方法不同，属性匹配是中括号加属性名和值来限定某个属性，如<code>[@href=&quot;link1.html&quot;]</code>，而此处的<code>@href</code>指的是获取节点的某个属性，二者需要做好区分。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'link1.html</span>', <span class="symbol">'link2.html</span>', <span class="symbol">'link3.html</span>', <span class="symbol">'link4.html</span>', <span class="symbol">'link5.html</span>']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，我们成功获取了所有<code>li</code>节点下<code>a</code>节点的<code>href</code>属性，它们以列表形式返回。</p>
                <h2 id="11-属性多值匹配"><a href="#11-属性多值匹配" class="headerlink" title="11. 属性多值匹配"></a>11. 属性多值匹配</h2>
                <p>有时候，某些节点的某个属性可能有多个值，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;li class="li li-first"&gt;&lt;a href="link.html"&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="li"]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里HTML文本中<code>li</code>节点的<code>class</code>属性有两个值<code>li</code>和<code>li-first</code>，此时如果还想用之前的属性匹配获取，就无法匹配了，此时的运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时就需要用<code>contains()</code>函数了，代码可以改写如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;li class="li li-first"&gt;&lt;a href="link.html"&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[contains(@class, "li")]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样通过<code>contains()</code>方法，第一个参数传入属性名称，第二个参数传入属性值，只要此属性包含所传入的属性值，就可以完成匹配了。</p>
                <p>此时运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'first</span> item']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>此种方式在某个节点的某个属性有多个值时经常用到，如某个节点的<code>class</code>属性通常有多个。</p>
                <h2 id="12-多属性匹配"><a href="#12-多属性匹配" class="headerlink" title="12. 多属性匹配"></a>12. 多属性匹配</h2>
                <p>另外，我们可能还遇到一种情况，那就是根据多个属性确定一个节点，这时就需要同时匹配多个属性。此时可以使用运算符<code>and</code>来连接，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;li class="li li-first" name="item"&gt;&lt;a href="link.html"&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[contains(@class, "li") and @name="item"]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里的<code>li</code>节点又增加了一个属性<code>name</code>。要确定这个节点，需要同时根据<code>class</code>和<code>name</code>属性来选择，一个条件是<code>class</code>属性里面包含<code>li</code>字符串，另一个条件是<code>name</code>属性为<code>item</code>字符串，二者需要同时满足，需要用<code>and</code>操作符相连，相连之后置于中括号内进行条件筛选。运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'first</span> item']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里的<code>and</code>其实是XPath中的运算符。另外，还有很多运算符，如<code>or</code>、<code>mod</code>等，在此总结为表4-2。</p>
                <p>表4-2 运算符及其介绍</p>
                <p>运算符</p>
                <p>描述</p>
                <p>实例</p>
                <p>返回值</p>
                <p><code>or</code></p>
                <p>或</p>
                <p><code>age=19 or age=20</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是21，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>and</code></p>
                <p>与</p>
                <p><code>age&gt;19 and age&lt;21</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是20，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是<code>18</code>，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>mod</code></p>
                <p>计算除法的余数</p>
                <p><code>5 mod 2</code></p>
                <p>1</p>
                <p><code>|</code></p>
                <p>计算两个节点集</p>
                <p><code>//book | //cd</code></p>
                <p>返回所有拥有<code>book</code>和<code>cd</code>元素的节点集</p>
                <p><code>+</code></p>
                <p>加法</p>
                <p><code>6 + 4</code></p>
                <p>10</p>
                <p><code>\-</code></p>
                <p>减法</p>
                <p><code>6 - 4</code></p>
                <p>2</p>
                <p><code>*</code></p>
                <p>乘法</p>
                <p><code>6 * 4</code></p>
                <p>24</p>
                <p><code>div</code></p>
                <p>除法</p>
                <p><code>8 div 4</code></p>
                <p>2</p>
                <p><code>\=</code></p>
                <p>等于</p>
                <p><code>age=19</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是20，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>!=</code></p>
                <p>不等于</p>
                <p><code>age!=19</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是18，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>&lt;</code></p>
                <p>小于</p>
                <p><code>age&lt;19</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是18，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>&lt;=</code></p>
                <p>小于或等于</p>
                <p><code>age&lt;=19</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是20，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>\&gt;</code></p>
                <p>大于</p>
                <p><code>age&gt;19</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是20，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p><code>\&gt;=</code></p>
                <p>大于或等于</p>
                <p><code>age&gt;=19</code></p>
                <p>如果<code>age</code>是19，则返回<code>true</code>。如果<code>age</code>是18，则返回<code>false</code></p>
                <p>此表参考来源：<a href="http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/xpath_operators.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/xpath_operators.asp</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="13-按序选择"><a href="#13-按序选择" class="headerlink" title="13. 按序选择"></a>13. 按序选择</h2>
                <p>有时候，我们在选择的时候某些属性可能同时匹配了多个节点，但是只想要其中的某个节点，如第二个节点或者最后一个节点，这时该怎么办呢？</p>
                <p>这时可以利用中括号传入索引的方法获取特定次序的节点，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stata">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">text = '''</span><br><span class="line">&lt;div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;ul&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link2.html"</span>&gt;second item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-inactive"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link3.html"</span>&gt;third item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link4.html"</span>&gt;fourth item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;fifth item&lt;/a&gt;</span><br><span class="line">     &lt;/ul&gt;</span><br><span class="line"> &lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">'''</span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/a/text()')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[last()]/a/text()')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[position()&lt;3]/a/text()')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[last()-2]/a/text()')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>第一次选择时，我们选取了第一个<code>li</code>节点，中括号中传入数字1即可。注意，这里和代码中不同，序号是以1开头的，不是以0开头。</p>
                <p>第二次选择时，我们选取了最后一个<code>li</code>节点，中括号中传入<code>last()</code>即可，返回的便是最后一个<code>li</code>节点。</p>
                <p>第三次选择时，我们选取了位置小于3的<code>li</code>节点，也就是位置序号为1和2的节点，得到的结果就是前两个<code>li</code>节点。</p>
                <p>第四次选择时，我们选取了倒数第三个<code>li</code>节点，中括号中传入<code>last()-2</code>即可。因为<code>last()</code>是最后一个，所以<code>last()-2</code>就是倒数第三个。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scheme">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'first</span> item']</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'fifth</span> item']</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'first</span> item', <span class="symbol">'second</span> item']</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="symbol">'third</span> item']</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们使用了<code>last()</code>、<code>position()</code>等函数。在XPath中，提供了100多个函数，包括存取、数值、字符串、逻辑、节点、序列等处理功能，它们的具体作用可以参考：<a href="http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/xpath_functions.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/xpath_functions.asp</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="14-节点轴选择"><a href="#14-节点轴选择" class="headerlink" title="14. 节点轴选择"></a>14. 节点轴选择</h2>
                <p>XPath提供了很多节点轴选择方法，包括获取子元素、兄弟元素、父元素、祖先元素等，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stata">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from lxml import etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">text = '''</span><br><span class="line">&lt;div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;ul&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link1.html"</span>&gt;&lt;span&gt;first item&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link2.html"</span>&gt;second item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-inactive"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link3.html"</span>&gt;third item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-1"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link4.html"</span>&gt;fourth item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/<span class="keyword">li</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">         &lt;<span class="keyword">li</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">"item-0"</span>&gt;&lt;a href=<span class="string">"link5.html"</span>&gt;fifth item&lt;/a&gt;</span><br><span class="line">     &lt;/ul&gt;</span><br><span class="line"> &lt;/div&gt;</span><br><span class="line">'''</span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/ancestor::*')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/ancestor::div')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/attribute::*')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/child::a[@href="link1.html"]')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/descendant::span')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/following::*[2]')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath('<span class="comment">//li[1]/following-sibling::*') `print(result)`</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight fsharp">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element html at 0x107941808&gt;, &lt;Element body at 0x1079418c8&gt;, &lt;Element div at 0x107941908&gt;, &lt;Element ul at 0x107941948&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element div at 0x107941908&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line">['item<span class="number">-0</span>']</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element a at 0x1079418c8&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element span at 0x107941948&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element a at 0x1079418c8&gt;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">[&lt;Element li at 0x107941948&gt;, &lt;Element li at 0x107941988&gt;, &lt;Element li at 0x1079419c8&gt;, &lt;Element li at 0x107941a08&gt;]</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>第一次选择时，我们调用了<code>ancestor</code>轴，可以获取所有祖先节点。其后需要跟两个冒号，然后是节点的选择器，这里我们直接使用*，表示匹配所有节点，因此返回结果是第一个<code>li</code>节点的所有祖先节点，包括<code>html</code>、<code>body</code>、<code>div</code>和<code>ul</code>。</p>
                <p>第二次选择时，我们又加了限定条件，这次在冒号后面加了<code>div</code>，这样得到的结果就只有<code>div</code>这个祖先节点了。</p>
                <p>第三次选择时，我们调用了<code>attribute</code>轴，可以获取所有属性值，其后跟的选择器还是*，这代表获取节点的所有属性，返回值就是<code>li</code>节点的所有属性值。</p>
                <p>第四次选择时，我们调用了<code>child</code>轴，可以获取所有直接子节点。这里我们又加了限定条件，选取<code>href</code>属性为<code>link1.html</code>的<code>a</code>节点。</p>
                <p>第五次选择时，我们调用了<code>descendant</code>轴，可以获取所有子孙节点。这里我们又加了限定条件获取<code>span</code>节点，所以返回的结果只包含<code>span</code>节点而不包含<code>a</code>节点。</p>
                <p>第六次选择时，我们调用了<code>following</code>轴，可以获取当前节点之后的所有节点。这里我们虽然使用的是*匹配，但又加了索引选择，所以只获取了第二个后续节点。</p>
                <p>第七次选择时，我们调用了<code>following-sibling</code>轴，可以获取当前节点之后的所有同级节点。这里我们使用*匹配，所以获取了所有后续同级节点。</p>
                <p>以上是XPath轴的简单用法，更多轴的用法可以参考：<a href="http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/xpath_axes.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/xpath_axes.asp</a>。</p>
                <h2 id="15-结语"><a href="#15-结语" class="headerlink" title="15. 结语"></a>15. 结语</h2>
                <p>到现在为止，我们基本上把可能用到的XPath选择器介绍完了。XPath功能非常强大，内置函数非常多，熟练使用之后，可以大大提升HTML信息的提取效率。</p>
                <p>如果想查询更多XPath的用法，可以查看：<a href="http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/index.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.w3school.com.cn/xpath/index.asp</a>。</p>
                <p>如果想查询更多Python lxml库的用法，可以查看<a href="http://lxml.de/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://lxml.de/</a>。</p>
              </div>
              <div class="popular-posts-header">相关文章</div>
              <ul class="popular-posts">
                <li class="popular-posts-item">
                  <div class="popular-posts-title"><a href="/5081.html" rel="bookmark">[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 1.2-请求库的安装</a></div>
                </li>
                <li class="popular-posts-item">
                  <div class="popular-posts-title"><a href="/5132.html" rel="bookmark">[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 1.2.1-Requests的安装</a></div>
                </li>
                <li class="popular-posts-item">
                  <div class="popular-posts-title"><a href="/5141.html" rel="bookmark">[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 1.2.2-Selenium的安装</a></div>
                </li>
                <li class="popular-posts-item">
                  <div class="popular-posts-title"><a href="/5135.html" rel="bookmark">[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 1.2.3-ChromeDriver的安装</a></div>
                </li>
                <li class="popular-posts-item">
                  <div class="popular-posts-title"><a href="/5153.html" rel="bookmark">[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 1.2.4-GeckoDriver的安装</a></div>
                </li>
              </ul>
              <div class="reward-container">
                <div></div>
                <button onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('qr'); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';"> 打赏 </button>
                <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
                  <div style="display: inline-block;">
                    <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="崔庆才 微信支付">
                    <p>微信支付</p>
                  </div>
                  <div style="display: inline-block;">
                    <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="崔庆才 支付宝">
                    <p>支付宝</p>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <footer class="post-footer">
                <div class="post-tags">
                  <a href="/tags/python/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> python</a>
                </div>
                <div class="post-nav">
                  <div class="post-nav-item">
                    <a href="/5542.html" rel="prev" title="[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4-解析库的使用">
                      <i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4-解析库的使用 </a>
                  </div>
                  <div class="post-nav-item">
                    <a href="/5548.html" rel="next" title="[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4.2-使用Beautiful Soup"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 4.2-使用Beautiful Soup <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i>
                    </a>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </footer>
            </article>
          </div>
          <div class="comments" id="gitalk-container"></div>
          <script>
            window.addEventListener('tabs:register', () =>
            {
              let
              {
                activeClass
              } = CONFIG.comments;
              if (CONFIG.comments.storage)
              {
                activeClass = localStorage.getItem('comments_active') || activeClass;
              }
              if (activeClass)
              {
                let activeTab = document.querySelector(`a[href="#comment-${activeClass}"]`);
                if (activeTab)
                {
                  activeTab.click();
                }
              }
            });
            if (CONFIG.comments.storage)
            {
              window.addEventListener('tabs:click', event =>
              {
                if (!event.target.matches('.tabs-comment .tab-content .tab-pane')) return;
                let commentClass = event.target.classList[1];
                localStorage.setItem('comments_active', commentClass);
              });
            }

          </script>
        </div>
        <div class="toggle sidebar-toggle">
          <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-first"></span>
          <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-middle"></span>
          <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-last"></span>
        </div>
        <aside class="sidebar">
          <div class="sidebar-inner">
            <ul class="sidebar-nav motion-element">
              <li class="sidebar-nav-toc"> 文章目录 </li>
              <li class="sidebar-nav-overview"> 站点概览 </li>
            </ul>
            <!--noindex-->
            <div class="post-toc-wrap sidebar-panel">
              <div class="post-toc motion-element">
                <ol class="nav">
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#1-XPath概览"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">1. XPath概览</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#2-XPath常用规则"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">2. XPath常用规则</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#3-准备工作"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">3. 准备工作</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#4-实例引入"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">4. 实例引入</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#5-所有节点"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">5. 所有节点</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#6-子节点"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">6. 子节点</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#7-父节点"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">7. 父节点</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#8-属性匹配"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">8. 属性匹配</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#9-文本获取"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">9. 文本获取</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#10-属性获取"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">10. 属性获取</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#11-属性多值匹配"><span class="nav-number">11.</span> <span class="nav-text">11. 属性多值匹配</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#12-多属性匹配"><span class="nav-number">12.</span> <span class="nav-text">12. 多属性匹配</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#13-按序选择"><span class="nav-number">13.</span> <span class="nav-text">13. 按序选择</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#14-节点轴选择"><span class="nav-number">14.</span> <span class="nav-text">14. 节点轴选择</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#15-结语"><span class="nav-number">15.</span> <span class="nav-text">15. 结语</span></a></li>
                </ol>
              </div>
            </div>
            <!--/noindex-->
            <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
              <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
                <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" alt="崔庆才" src="/images/avatar.png">
                <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">崔庆才</p>
                <div class="site-description" itemprop="description">崔庆才的个人站点，记录生活的瞬间，分享学习的心得。</div>
              </div>
              <div class="site-state-wrap motion-element">
                <nav class="site-state">
                  <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
                    <a href="/archives/">
                      <span class="site-state-item-count">608</span>
                      <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
                    </a>
                  </div>
                  <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
                    <a href="/categories/">
                      <span class="site-state-item-count">24</span>
                      <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span></a>
                  </div>
                  <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
                    <a href="/tags/">
                      <span class="site-state-item-count">156</span>
                      <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span></a>
                  </div>
                </nav>
              </div>
              <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://github.com/Germey" title="GitHub → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;Germey" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw"></i>GitHub</a>
                </span>
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="mailto:cqc@cuiqingcai.com.com" title="邮件 → mailto:cqc@cuiqingcai.com.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-fw"></i>邮件</a>
                </span>
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://weibo.com/cuiqingcai" title="微博 → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;weibo.com&#x2F;cuiqingcai" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-weibo fa-fw"></i>微博</a>
                </span>
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://www.zhihu.com/people/Germey" title="知乎 → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.zhihu.com&#x2F;people&#x2F;Germey" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-magic fa-fw"></i>知乎</a>
                </span>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div style=" width: 100%;" class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-image sidebar-panel-active">
              <a href="https://tutorial.lengyue.video/?coupon=12ef4b1a-a3db-11ea-bb37-0242ac130002_cqx_850" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
                <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/bco2a.png" style=" width: 100%;">
              </a>
            </div>
            <div style=" width: 100%;" class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-image sidebar-panel-active">
              <a href="http://www.ipidea.net/?utm-source=cqc&utm-keyword=?cqc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
                <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/0ywun.png" style=" width: 100%;">
              </a>
            </div>
            <div class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-tags sidebar-panel-active">
              <h4 class="name"> 标签云 </h4>
              <div class="content">
                <a href="/tags/2048/" style="font-size: 10px;">2048</a> <a href="/tags/API/" style="font-size: 10px;">API</a> <a href="/tags/Bootstrap/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Bootstrap</a> <a href="/tags/CDN/" style="font-size: 10px;">CDN</a> <a href="/tags/CQC/" style="font-size: 10px;">CQC</a> <a href="/tags/CSS/" style="font-size: 10px;">CSS</a> <a href="/tags/CSS-%E5%8F%8D%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 10px;">CSS 反爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/CV/" style="font-size: 10px;">CV</a> <a href="/tags/Django/" style="font-size: 10px;">Django</a> <a href="/tags/Eclipse/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Eclipse</a> <a href="/tags/FTP/" style="font-size: 10px;">FTP</a> <a href="/tags/Git/" style="font-size: 10px;">Git</a> <a href="/tags/GitHub/" style="font-size: 13.75px;">GitHub</a> <a href="/tags/HTML5/" style="font-size: 10px;">HTML5</a> <a href="/tags/Hexo/" style="font-size: 10px;">Hexo</a> <a href="/tags/IT/" style="font-size: 10px;">IT</a> <a href="/tags/JSP/" style="font-size: 10px;">JSP</a> <a href="/tags/JavaScript/" style="font-size: 10px;">JavaScript</a> <a href="/tags/K8s/" style="font-size: 10px;">K8s</a> <a href="/tags/LOGO/" style="font-size: 10px;">LOGO</a> <a href="/tags/Linux/" style="font-size: 10px;">Linux</a> <a href="/tags/MIUI/" style="font-size: 10px;">MIUI</a> <a href="/tags/MongoDB/" style="font-size: 10px;">MongoDB</a> <a href="/tags/Mysql/" style="font-size: 10px;">Mysql</a> <a href="/tags/NBA/" style="font-size: 10px;">NBA</a> <a href="/tags/PHP/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">PHP</a> <a href="/tags/PS/" style="font-size: 10px;">PS</a> <a href="/tags/Pathlib/" style="font-size: 10px;">Pathlib</a> <a href="/tags/PhantomJS/" style="font-size: 10px;">PhantomJS</a> <a href="/tags/Python/" style="font-size: 15px;">Python</a> <a href="/tags/Python3/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">Python3</a> <a href="/tags/Pythonic/" style="font-size: 10px;">Pythonic</a> <a href="/tags/QQ/" style="font-size: 10px;">QQ</a> <a href="/tags/Redis/" style="font-size: 10px;">Redis</a> <a href="/tags/SAE/" style="font-size: 10px;">SAE</a> <a href="/tags/SSH/" style="font-size: 10px;">SSH</a> <a href="/tags/SVG/" style="font-size: 10px;">SVG</a> <a href="/tags/Scrapy/" style="font-size: 10px;">Scrapy</a> <a href="/tags/Scrapy-redis/" style="font-size: 10px;">Scrapy-redis</a> <a href="/tags/Scrapy%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">Scrapy分布式</a> <a href="/tags/Selenium/" style="font-size: 10px;">Selenium</a> <a href="/tags/TKE/" style="font-size: 10px;">TKE</a> <a href="/tags/Ubuntu/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Ubuntu</a> <a href="/tags/VS-Code/" style="font-size: 10px;">VS Code</a> <a href="/tags/Vs-Code/" style="font-size: 10px;">Vs Code</a> <a href="/tags/Vue/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Vue</a> <a href="/tags/Webpack/" style="font-size: 10px;">Webpack</a> <a href="/tags/Windows/" style="font-size: 10px;">Windows</a> <a href="/tags/Winpcap/" style="font-size: 10px;">Winpcap</a> <a href="/tags/WordPress/" style="font-size: 13.75px;">WordPress</a> <a href="/tags/Youtube/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Youtube</a> <a href="/tags/android/" style="font-size: 10px;">android</a> <a href="/tags/ansible/" style="font-size: 10px;">ansible</a> <a href="/tags/cocos2d-x/" style="font-size: 10px;">cocos2d-x</a> <a href="/tags/e6/" style="font-size: 10px;">e6</a> <a href="/tags/fitvids/" style="font-size: 10px;">fitvids</a> <a href="/tags/git/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">git</a> <a href="/tags/json/" style="font-size: 10px;">json</a> <a href="/tags/js%E9%80%86%E5%90%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">js逆向</a> <a href="/tags/kubernetes/" style="font-size: 10px;">kubernetes</a> <a href="/tags/log/" style="font-size: 10px;">log</a> <a href="/tags/logging/" style="font-size: 10px;">logging</a> <a href="/tags/matlab/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">matlab</a> <a href="/tags/python/" style="font-size: 20px;">python</a> <a href="/tags/pytube/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">pytube</a> <a href="/tags/pywin32/" style="font-size: 10px;">pywin32</a> <a href="/tags/style/" style="font-size: 10px;">style</a> <a href="/tags/tomcat/" style="font-size: 10px;">tomcat</a> <a href="/tags/ubuntu/" style="font-size: 10px;">ubuntu</a> <a href="/tags/uwsgi/" style="font-size: 10px;">uwsgi</a> <a href="/tags/vsftpd/" style="font-size: 10px;">vsftpd</a> <a href="/tags/wamp/" style="font-size: 10px;">wamp</a> <a href="/tags/wineQQ/" style="font-size: 10px;">wineQQ</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%83%E7%89%9B/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">七牛</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">上海</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">个人网站</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">主题</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%91%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">云产品</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%91%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8/" style="font-size: 10px;">云存储</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">京东云</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">人工智能</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86/" style="font-size: 10px;">代理</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">代码</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB%E5%9B%BE/" style="font-size: 10px;">代码分享图</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96/" style="font-size: 10px;">优化</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BD%8D%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">位运算</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E5%8F%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">公众号</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB/" style="font-size: 10px;">分享</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">分布式</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%9A/" style="font-size: 10px;">创业</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%AF/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">前端</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">博客</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9FAPP/" style="font-size: 10px;">原生APP</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8F%8D%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">反爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4/" style="font-size: 10px;">命令</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%8F%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80/" style="font-size: 10px;">响应式布局</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6/" style="font-size: 10px;">垃圾邮件</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%91%E5%AE%9A/" style="font-size: 10px;">域名绑定</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%A4%8D%E7%9B%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">复盘</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E7%82%B9%E8%AF%84/" style="font-size: 10px;">大众点评</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%8D%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 10px;">字体反爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">字符问题</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">学习方法</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%93/" style="font-size: 10px;">安卓</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8/" style="font-size: 10px;">实用</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">封面</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B4%94%E5%BA%86%E6%89%8D/" style="font-size: 18.75px;">崔庆才</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">工具</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">开发工具</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF/" style="font-size: 10px;">微软</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83/" style="font-size: 10px;">思考</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE/" style="font-size: 10px;">手机访问</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/" style="font-size: 10px;">教程</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2/" style="font-size: 10px;">教育</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%96%B0%E4%B9%A6/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">新书</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA/" style="font-size: 10px;">方法论</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8/" style="font-size: 10px;">旅游</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">日志</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4/" style="font-size: 10px;">暗时间</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">杜兰特</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">桌面</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8D%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">歌单</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">江南</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">游戏</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">焦虑</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 16.25px;">爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">爬虫书籍</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">环境变量</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/" style="font-size: 10px;">生活笔记</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">登录</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E/" style="font-size: 10px;">知乎</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1/" style="font-size: 10px;">短信</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E7%A0%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">短信验证码</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6/" style="font-size: 10px;">笔记软件</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%AF%AE%E7%BD%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">篮网</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BA%B8%E5%BC%A0/" style="font-size: 10px;">纸张</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6/" style="font-size: 10px;">组件</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">网站</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">网络爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6/" style="font-size: 10px;">美学</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%82%89%E5%A4%B9%E9%A6%8D/" style="font-size: 10px;">肉夹馍</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E4%BA%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">腾讯云</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%87%AA%E5%BE%8B/" style="font-size: 10px;">自律</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%91%E7%88%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">西少爷</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">视频</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E7%A0%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">谷歌验证码</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5/" style="font-size: 10px;">运营</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B/" style="font-size: 10px;">远程</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">逆向</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/" style="font-size: 10px;">配置</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%85/" style="font-size: 10px;">重装</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%98%BF%E6%9D%9C/" style="font-size: 10px;">阿杜</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%9D%99%E8%A7%85/" style="font-size: 17.5px;">静觅</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%A2%A0%E8%A6%86/" style="font-size: 10px;">颠覆</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%A3%9E%E4%BF%A1/" style="font-size: 10px;">飞信</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%B8%BF%E8%92%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">鸿蒙</a>
              </div>
              <script>
                const tagsColors = ['#00a67c', '#5cb85c', '#d9534f', '#567e95', '#b37333', '#f4843d', '#15a287']
                const tagsElements = document.querySelectorAll('.sidebar-panel-tags .content a')
                tagsElements.forEach((item) =>
                {
                  item.style.backgroundColor = tagsColors[Math.floor(Math.random() * tagsColors.length)]
                })

              </script>
            </div>
            <div class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-categories sidebar-panel-active">
              <h4 class="name"> 分类 </h4>
              <div class="content">
                <ul class="category-list">
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/C-C/">C/C++</a><span class="category-list-count">23</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/HTML/">HTML</a><span class="category-list-count">14</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Java/">Java</a><span class="category-list-count">5</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/JavaScript/">JavaScript</a><span class="category-list-count">26</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Linux/">Linux</a><span class="category-list-count">15</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Markdown/">Markdown</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Net/">Net</a><span class="category-list-count">4</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Other/">Other</a><span class="category-list-count">39</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/PHP/">PHP</a><span class="category-list-count">27</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Paper/">Paper</a><span class="category-list-count">2</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Python/">Python</a><span class="category-list-count">261</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/TypeScript/">TypeScript</a><span class="category-list-count">2</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA/">个人展示</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%A5%E8%AE%B0/">个人日记</a><span class="category-list-count">9</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95/">个人记录</a><span class="category-list-count">4</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%8F%E7%AC%94/">个人随笔</a><span class="category-list-count">15</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/">安装配置</a><span class="category-list-count">59</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%9D%82%E8%B0%88/">技术杂谈</a><span class="category-list-count">88</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB/">未分类</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/">生活笔记</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%93%E5%8C%BA/">福利专区</a><span class="category-list-count">6</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E8%81%8C%E4%BD%8D%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90/">职位推荐</a><span class="category-list-count">2</span></li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-friends sidebar-panel-active">
              <h4 class="name"> 友情链接 </h4>
              <ul class="friends">
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/j2dub.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.findhao.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FindHao</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ou6mm.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://diygod.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DIYgod</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/6apxu.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.51dev.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IT技术社区</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://www.jankl.com/img/titleshu.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.jankl.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">liberalist</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/bqlbs.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.urselect.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">优社电商</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/8s88c.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.yuanrenxue.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">猿人学</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2wgg5.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.yunlifang.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">云立方</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/shwr6.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://lanbing510.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">冰蓝</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/blvoh.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://lengyue.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">冷月</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="http://qianxunclub.com/favicon.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://qianxunclub.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">千寻啊千寻</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/0044u.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://kodcloud.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">可道云</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ygnpn.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.kunkundashen.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">坤坤大神</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/22uv1.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.cenchong.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">岑冲博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ev9kl.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.zxiaoji.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">张小鸡</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://www.503error.com/favicon.ico">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.503error.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">张志明个人博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/x714o.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.hubwiz.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">汇智网</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/129d8.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.bysocket.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">泥瓦匠BYSocket</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://www.xiongge.club/favicon.ico">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.xiongge.club/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">熊哥club</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/3w4fe.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://zerlong.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">知语</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/44hxf.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://redstonewill.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">红色石头</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/8g1fk.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.laodong.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">老董博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wkaus.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://zhaoshuai.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">碎念</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/pgo0r.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.chenwenguan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">陈文管的博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/kk82a.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.lxlinux.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">良许Linux教程网</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/lj0t2.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://tanqingbo.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IT码农</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/i8cdr.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://junyiseo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">均益个人博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/chwv2.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://brucedone.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">大鱼的鱼塘</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2y43o.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://bbs.nightteam.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">夜幕爬虫安全论坛</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/zvc3w.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.weishidong.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">韦世东的技术专栏</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ebudy.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://chuanjiabing.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">穿甲兵技术社区</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </aside>
        <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
      </div>
    </main>
    <footer class="footer">
      <div class="footer-inner">
        <div class="copyright"> &copy; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2021</span>
          <span class="with-love">
            <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
          </span>
          <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">崔庆才丨静觅</span>
          <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
          <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
            <i class="fa fa-chart-area"></i>
          </span>
          <span title="站点总字数">2.6m</span>
          <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
          <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
            <i class="fa fa-coffee"></i>
          </span>
          <span title="站点阅读时长">39:54</span>
        </div>
        <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io/" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> & <a href="https://pisces.theme-next.org/" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Pisces</a> 强力驱动 </div>
        <div class="beian"><a href="https://beian.miit.gov.cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">京ICP备18015597号-1 </a>
        </div>
        <script>
          (function ()
          {
            function leancloudSelector(url)
            {
              url = encodeURI(url);
              return document.getElementById(url).querySelector('.leancloud-visitors-count');
            }

            function addCount(Counter)
            {
              var visitors = document.querySelector('.leancloud_visitors');
              var url = decodeURI(visitors.id);
              var title = visitors.dataset.flagTitle;
              Counter('get', '/classes/Counter?where=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(
              {
                url
              }))).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                results
              }) =>
              {
                if (results.length > 0)
                {
                  var counter = results[0];
                  leancloudSelector(url).innerText = counter.time + 1;
                  Counter('put', '/classes/Counter/' + counter.objectId,
                  {
                    time:
                    {
                      '__op': 'Increment',
                      'amount': 1
                    }
                  }).catch(error =>
                  {
                    console.error('Failed to save visitor count', error);
                  });
                }
                else
                {
                  Counter('post', '/classes/Counter',
                  {
                    title,
                    url,
                    time: 1
                  }).then(response => response.json()).then(() =>
                  {
                    leancloudSelector(url).innerText = 1;
                  }).catch(error =>
                  {
                    console.error('Failed to create', error);
                  });
                }
              }).catch(error =>
              {
                console.error('LeanCloud Counter Error', error);
              });
            }

            function showTime(Counter)
            {
              var visitors = document.querySelectorAll('.leancloud_visitors');
              var entries = [...visitors].map(element =>
              {
                return decodeURI(element.id);
              });
              Counter('get', '/classes/Counter?where=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(
              {
                url:
                {
                  '$in': entries
                }
              }))).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                results
              }) =>
              {
                for (let url of entries)
                {
                  let target = results.find(item => item.url === url);
                  leancloudSelector(url).innerText = target ? target.time : 0;
                }
              }).catch(error =>
              {
                console.error('LeanCloud Counter Error', error);
              });
            }
            let
            {
              app_id,
              app_key,
              server_url
            } = {
              "enable": true,
              "app_id": "6X5dRQ0pnPWJgYy8SXOg0uID-gzGzoHsz",
              "app_key": "ziLDVEy73ne5HtFTiGstzHMS",
              "server_url": "https://6x5drq0p.lc-cn-n1-shared.com",
              "security": false
            };

            function fetchData(api_server)
            {
              var Counter = (method, url, data) =>
              {
                return fetch(`${api_server}/1.1${url}`,
                {
                  method,
                  headers:
                  {
                    'X-LC-Id': app_id,
                    'X-LC-Key': app_key,
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                  },
                  body: JSON.stringify(data)
                });
              };
              if (CONFIG.page.isPost)
              {
                if (CONFIG.hostname !== location.hostname) return;
                addCount(Counter);
              }
              else if (document.querySelectorAll('.post-title-link').length >= 1)
              {
                showTime(Counter);
              }
            }
            let api_server = app_id.slice(-9) !== '-MdYXbMMI' ? server_url : `https://${app_id.slice(0, 8).toLowerCase()}.api.lncldglobal.com`;
            if (api_server)
            {
              fetchData(api_server);
            }
            else
            {
              fetch('https://app-router.leancloud.cn/2/route?appId=' + app_id).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                api_server
              }) =>
              {
                fetchData('https://' + api_server);
              });
            }
          })();

        </script>
      </div>
      <div class="footer-stat">
        <span id="cnzz_stat_icon_1279355174"></span>
        <script type="text/javascript">
          document.write(unescape("%3Cspan id='cnzz_stat_icon_1279355174'%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cscript src='https://v1.cnzz.com/z_stat.php%3Fid%3D1279355174%26online%3D1%26show%3Dline' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));

        </script>
      </div>
    </footer>
  </div>
  <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/animejs@3.2.1/lib/anime.min.js"></script>
  <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/pangu@4/dist/browser/pangu.min.js"></script>
  <script src="/js/utils.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <script src="/js/schemes/pisces.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <script src="/js/next-boot.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <script>
    (function ()
    {
      var canonicalURL, curProtocol;
      //Get the <link> tag
      var x = document.getElementsByTagName("link");
      //Find the last canonical URL
      if (x.length > 0)
      {
        for (i = 0; i < x.length; i++)
        {
          if (x[i].rel.toLowerCase() == 'canonical' && x[i].href)
          {
            canonicalURL = x[i].href;
          }
        }
      }
      //Get protocol
      if (!canonicalURL)
      {
        curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
      }
      else
      {
        curProtocol = canonicalURL.split(':')[0];
      }
      //Get current URL if the canonical URL does not exist
      if (!canonicalURL) canonicalURL = window.location.href;
      //Assign script content. Replace current URL with the canonical URL
      ! function ()
      {
        var e = /([http|https]:\/\/[a-zA-Z0-9\_\.]+\.baidu\.com)/gi,
          r = canonicalURL,
          t = document.referrer;
        if (!e.test(r))
        {
          var n = (String(curProtocol).toLowerCase() === 'https') ? "https://sp0.baidu.com/9_Q4simg2RQJ8t7jm9iCKT-xh_/s.gif" : "//api.share.baidu.com/s.gif";
          t ? (n += "?r=" + encodeURIComponent(document.referrer), r && (n += "&l=" + r)) : r && (n += "?l=" + r);
          var i = new Image;
          i.src = n
        }
      }(window);
    })();

  </script>
  <script src="/js/local-search.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/gitalk@1/dist/gitalk.min.css">
  <script>
    NexT.utils.loadComments(document.querySelector('#gitalk-container'), () =>
    {
      NexT.utils.getScript('//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/gitalk@1/dist/gitalk.min.js', () =>
      {
        var gitalk = new Gitalk(
        {
          clientID: '4c86ce1d7c4fbb3b277c',
          clientSecret: '4927beb0f90e2c07e66c99d9d2529cf3eb8ac8e4',
          repo: 'Blog',
          owner: 'germey',
          admin: ['germey'],
          id: '2eb008f364b6301c2a31eca268efb595',
          language: 'zh-CN',
          distractionFreeMode: true
        });
        gitalk.render('gitalk-container');
      }, window.Gitalk);
    });

  </script>
</body>

</html>
